CD-ROM Today 1996 January

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$Unique_ID{BRK00003} $Pretitle{Glossary} $Title{Glossary of Human Anatomy} $Volume{Z-7} $Subject{} $Log{} Copyright (c) 1991-92,1993 Creative Multimedia Glossary of Human Anatomy Digestive System The DIGESTIVE SYSTEM is composed of the organs and glands which function to digest the food we eat. Its primary component is the digestive tract which extends from the mouth to the anus. The digestive tract is composed of the mouth, ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, DUODENUM, SMALL INTESTINE, LARGE INTESTINE, and ANUS. Other organs, including the GALLBLADDER, PANCREAS, and LIVER, secrete digestive enzymes which break down the food into readily absorbable molecules. Digestive Tract The DIGESTIVE TRACT is composed of the mouth, ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, DUODENUM, SMALL INTESTINE, LARGE INTESTINE, and ANUS. Teeth The TEETH are bonelike, calcified structures rooted in the MAXILLA and MANDIBLE bones of the jaw. They vary in shape for specific duties, such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food into small particles. Children have 20 temporary teeth, also called deciduous teeth or baby teeth. These deciduous teeth fall out and are replaced by 32 permanent adult teeth. Also called the dens (singular) and dentes (plural). Salivary Glands The SALIVARY GLANDS are three pairs of glands that produce saliva. These glands are called the PAROTID, SUBMANDIBULAR, and SUBLINGUAL glands. Saliva keeps the mouth moist and also moistens and softens food. Saliva contains water, organic salts, serum albumin, globulin, leukocytes, mucin, and ptyalin. Mucin is an oily carbohydrate that lubricates body surfaces and is the primary component of mucus. Ptyalin, also called alpha-amylase, acts to break down starches into the sugar maltose. Parotid The PAROTID SALIVARY GLANDS are the largest of the three pairs of salivary glands. It is located below and to the front of the ear. Submandibular The SUBMANDIBULAR SALIVARY GLANDS are the round, walnut sized salivary glands found beneath the MANDIBLE. Sublingual The SUBLINGUAL SALIVARY GLANDS are located under the floor of the mouth beneath the TONGUE. They appear as elongated almond shaped structures and weigh about 2 grams. Tongue The TONGUE, also called the lingua muscle, is a muscular organ of the mouth with multiple uses. It has nerve endings that transmit the sense of taste. It moves food around in the mouth to be ground by the TEETH. It helps in swallowing with the ESOPHAGUS. It also helps in speech along with the lips and LARYNX. Ascending Colon The ASCENDING COLON, also called the colon ascendens, is located between the cecum and the right colic flexure. The Colon is the part of the large intestine which is between the CECUM and the RECTUM. It is sometimes inaccurately referred to as the LARGE INTESTINE which includes the CECUM. The colon receives the contents of the small intestine that were not absorbed into the blood stream. It functions to remove excess water to firm the feces. The colon is divided into the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon. Descending Colon The DESCENDING COLON, also called the colon descendens, is the part of the colon that is located between the left colic flexure and the sigmoid colon at the pelvic girdle. The Colon is the part of the large intestine which is between the CECUM and the RECTUM. It is sometimes inaccurately referred to as the LARGE INTESTINE which includes the CECUM. The colon receives the contents of the small intestine that were not absorbed into the blood stream. It functions to remove excess water to firm the feces. The colon is divided into the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon. Transverse Colon The TRANSVERSE COLON, also called the colon transversum, lies between the right and left colic flexures. The Colon is the part of the large intestine which is between the CECUM and the RECTUM. It is sometimes inaccurately referred to as the LARGE INTESTINE which includes the CECUM. The colon receives the contents of the small intestine that were not absorbed into the blood stream. It functions to remove excess water to firm the feces. The colon is divided into the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon. Sigmoid Colon The SIGMOID COLON, also called the colon sigmoideum, is the S-shaped part of the colon that extends from the descending colon to the RECTUM. The Colon is the part of the large intestine which is between the CECUM and the RECTUM. It is sometimes inaccurately referred to as the LARGE INTESTINE which includes the CECUM. The colon receives the contents of the small intestine that were not absorbed into the blood stream. It functions to remove excess water to firm the feces. The colon is divided into the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon. Large Intestine The LARGE INTESTINE is the part of the digestive system that is between the SMALL INTESTINE and the RECTUM. It includes the APPENDIX, the CECUM, the COLON, and the RECTUM. Cecum The CECUM is the first chamber of the LARGE INTESTINE. It connects to the end of the SMALL INTESTINE and to the APPENDIX. Duodenum The DUODENUM is the upper part of SMALL INTESTINE that connects the STOMACH to the SMALL INTESTINE. The DUODENUM wraps around the lower part of the PANCREAS. It receives digestive enzymes from both the PANCREAS and the GALLBLADDER. Gallbladder The GALLBLADDER is a small saclike organ that stores bile produced by the LIVER and secretes the bile into the DUODENUM via the common hepatic duct through an opening called the ampulla, during digestion. Bile breaks down fats to allow them to be absorbed by the SMALL INTESTINE. It is also called the cholecyst, vesica biliaris, and vesica fellea. Liver The LIVER has over 500 functions and is the largest gland. Some of its major functions include: producing bile, which is stored in the GALLBLADDER; processing and storing glucose (blood sugar), fats, proteins, vitamins, and other metabolic compounds; producing hemoglobin for red blood cells; and converting poisonous ammonia to urea. The LIVER purifies the blood by removing old blood cells and renders poisons, including alcohol and nicotine, inert. The blood processing capacity of the liver is impressive, holding 1 pint at any given moment, which is about 13% of the total blood supply. The liver is divided into four main lobes with the right lobe being larger than the rest. It has approximately 100,000 smaller lobules. Two separate blood supplies serve the liver via the hepatic protal vein and the hepatic artery. The adult liver weighs about 4 pounds in men and 3 pounds in women and has a dark reddish-brown color. The Liver is also called the Hepar. Small Intestine The SMALL INTESTINE, also called the intestinum tenue, is the longest organ of the digestive tract. It starts at the STOMACH and ends at the LARGE INTESTINE and has three parts: the DUODENUM, the jejunum and the ileum. Food that has been broken down to the molecular level is absorbed into the blood stream through the intestinal wall. Stomach The STOMACH is a large semi-elastic, muscular organ, and is the primary organ of the digestive system. It lies between the esophagus and the duodenum and is made up of muscle lined with a mucous membrane that contains blood vessels, nerves and glands. Masticated food and drink enter from the esophagus and are mixed with acids and enzymes, then churned until they are partially digested. The mixture is then released into the duodenum through the pyloric valve. It is also called the gaster or ventriculus. Appendix The APPENDIX, more accurately called the vermiform appendix, is a small thin organ from three to six inches in length. It is connected to the CECUM and is part of the LARGE INTESTINE. The function of the vermiform appendix is unknown. But blockage of it, a condition known as appendicitis, may cause serious infection or rupture. It is also known as appendix vermiformis. Rectum The RECTUM, also called the intestinum rectum, is located after the sigmoid COLON and leads to the ANAL CANAL. It is the end of the intestinal tract and collects the solid waste of the digestive system. This waste is defecated through the ANAL CANAL. Anal Canal The ANAL CANAL is located after the RECTUM and is the end of the intestinal tract. It is 4 cm long and ends at the ANUS. Feces from the RECTUM move through the anal canal and leaves through the ANUS. Anus The ANUS is the distal opening of the alimentary canal. The opening of the anus is controlled by the sphincter muscles which regulates the passage of fecal matter out of the body. Esophagus The ESOPHAGUS is approximately twenty-four centimeters long, starting below the tongue at the pharynx and ending at the diaphragm where it meets the stomach. It is made up of a tube of muscle lined with mucous membrane and covered by a fibrous coat. Food and drink are transported from the mouth to the stomach via a process of muscle contraction called peristalsis. It is also called the gullet. Written also as oesophagus. Pancreas The PANCREAS is an endocrine gland located behind and under the STOMACH. The PANCREAS releases insulin that promotes carbohydrate metabolism, and it releases glucagon that counters the insulin. The PANCREAS also releases enzymes that aid digestion of fats and proteins. Spleen The SPLEEN is a reddish-purple organ found between the stomach and diaphragm on the left side of the body. It contains lymphoid tissue that produces lymphocytes and antibodies. These are used to remove old red blood cells and foreign particles from the blood stream. Uvula The Uvula is the small, conical fleshy tissue suspended from the center of the soft palate at the back of the mouth. Bones BONES are the 206 dense, mostly rigid connective organs that form the skeleton, the support structure of the body. Bones are made of osseous that surrounds spongy tissue containing blood vessels and nerves. Long bones contain yellow marrow in the long spaces and red marrow in the ends near the joints. However, short bones, flat bones, bones of the skull, the breastbone (STERNUM), the RIBS, and the backbones (vertebrae) contain just red marrow. This red marrow is where red blood cells are formed. Tarsals The TARSALS are seven bones of the ankle that connect to the TIBIA, FIBULA, and METATARSAL bones. The seven TARSAL bones are divided into two groups, the proximal group which attaches to the METATARSALS, and the distal group which attaches to the TIBIA and FIBULA. The distal group is composed of the talus, calcaneus, and navicular. The proximal group is made up of the cuboid and the three cuneiforms: the lateral, the intermediate, and medial. These bones are also called the tarsus, tarsus osseous, and ossa tarsi. Calcaneus The CALCANEUS, also known as the heel bone, is the largest of the TARSALS. The TARSALS are seven bones of the ankle that connect to the TIBIA, FIBULA, and METATARSAL bones. The seven TARSAL bones are divided into two groups, the proximal group which attaches to the METATARSALS, and the distal group which attaches to the TIBIA and FIBULA. The distal group is composed of the talus, calcaneus, and navicular. The proximal group is made up of the cuboid and the three cuneiforms: the lateral, the intermediate, and medial. These bones are also called the tarsus, tarsus osseous, and ossa tarsi. Humerus The HUMERUS is the bone of the upper arm. It connects the SCAPULA bone of shoulder to the RADIUS and ULNA bones of the forearm. Also called the humeral bone. Maxilla The MAXILLA, also called the superior maxillary bone, is the central facial bone of the skull that forms the upper jaw. Zygomatic The ZYGOMATIC, also called the os zygomaticum, is the cheekbone that supports the cavity of the EYE. Ribs The RIBS are 12 pairs of thin bones that arch from the THORACIC VERTEBRAE to the STERNUM and they comprise a protective "rib cage" around the HEART and LUNGS. The first seven ribs are called the "true ribs" for they connect as described above. However, the last five are called "false ribs" because ribs 8, 9, and 10 connect to rib 7 instead of to the STERNUM, and the last two are called "floating ribs" because they do not connect at the ends. Collectively the RIBS are called the costae bones, os costae, os costale, and costal bones. Sternum The STERNUM, also called the xiphoid bone but commonly called the breastbone, is a flat vertical bone of the center chest that anchors the CLAVICLE bones and the first seven RIBS. The STERNUM has three portions called (from top to bottom) the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process. Clavicle The CLAVICLE, also called the clavicula bone but commonly called the collar bone, stretches from the top of the STERNUM to the shoulder joint and forms the front of the shoulder girdle. Metatarsals The METATARSALS, also called the ossa metatarsi and alternatively ossa metatarsalia, are five bones of each foot that connect the TARSAL bones to the PHALANGEAL bones OF THE FEET. Phalanges of the Hand The PHALANGES OF THE HAND are 14 bones of the fingers in each hand, three in each proper finger and two in each thumb, that originally connect to the METACARPAL bones. Singularly these bones are called phalanx, collectively they are called the phalanges and ossa digitorum manus. The names of these bones may be confused with the names of the PHALANGEAL bones OF THE FEET. Radius The RADIUS, also called the radial bone, is a bone of the thumb side of the forearm that connects from the HUMERUS BONE at the elbow to the CARPAL bones of the wrist. Ulna The ULNA, also called the ulnar bone, is the larger bone of the forearm, opposite thumb side, that connects from the HUMERUS bone of the elbow to the CARPAL bones of the wrist. Frontal The FRONTAL, also called the os frontale bone, is a large membrane bone made two fused bones of the skull that form the forehead. Frontalis The FRONTALIS is the muscle covering the forehand. It connects to the GALEA APONEUROTICA and to the upper FACIAL MUSCLES. Fibula The FIBULA, also called the fibular bone, is the thin outer bone of the foreleg that connects to the TIBIA bone at the knee and connects to the TIBIA and TARSAL bones at the ankle. Tibia The TIBIA, commonly called the shin bone, is the main bone of the foreleg that connects to the FEMUR, PATELLA, and FIBULA bones at the knee, and connects to the FIBULA and TARSAL bones at the ankle. Metacarpals The METACARPALS, also called the ossa metacarpi and alternatively ossa metacarpalia, are five bones of each hand, collectively called the metacarpus, that connect the CARPAL bones to the PHALANGEAL bones OF THE HANDS. Parietal The PARIETAL, also called the os parietale bone, is a membrane bone of the skull between the FRONTAL and OCCIPITAL bones. Occipital The OCCIPITAL, also called the os occipitale bone, is the lower back bone of the skull connected to the PARIETAL and TEMPORAL bones. Mandible The MANDIBLE, also called the inferior maxillary and the mandibula bone, is the hinged lower jaw bone used for chewing and speaking. Patella The PATELLA, commonly called the kneecap, is a roundish triangular bone situated at the front of the knee and connects to the FEMUR and TIBIA bones. Lumbar Vertebrae The LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, also called the vertebrae lumbales, are five bones that comprise the largest and heaviest bones of the spinal column. They connect from the lowest THORACIC VERTEBRA to the SACRUM bone, and they support the weight of all the bones above the pelvis. Cervical Vertebrae The CERVICAL VERTEBRAE, also called the vertebrae cervicales, are the first seven bones of the spinal collum containing the beginning of the SPINAL CORD. These are bones of the neck that connect the skull to the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and to the rest of the body. Coccyx The COCCYX, also called the os coccygis and coccygeal bone but commonly called the tail bone, is a small triangular bone at the very end of the spine fused to the SACRUM bone. The COCCYX is actually three to five vertebrae fused together and its name is derived from the cuckoo bird whose bill the COCCYX resembles. Ilium The ILIUM, also called the os ilii and iliac bone, is the largest bone of the pelvis that connects to the SACRUM bone and to the PUBIS bone which all cradle the SMALL INTESTINE and COLON. Ischium The ISCHIUM, also called the os ischii and ischial bone, is one of the two curved lower bones of the pelvis that connect to the PUBIS bones and connect to each other with a thick cartilage joint called the symphysis pubis. The OBTURATOR nerves pass through the loops made by the ISCHIUM bones called obturator foramens. Pubis The PUBIS, also called the os pubis and pubic bone, is a bone that forms a ridge at the front and connects to the ILIUM and the ISCHIUM bones. It has a socket for the ball end of the FEMUR bone. Sacrum The SACRUM is a triangular shaped bone that supports the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE and connects to the ILIUM bones and the COCCYX bone. The SACRUM is actually five fused vertebrae that make up the last of the spinal column. The SACRUM is also called the os sacrum, vertebrae sacrales, sacral vertebrae, and sacral bone. Scapula The SCAPULA, also called the scapular bone but commonly called the shoulder blade, is a flat, triangular shaped bone that located at the back of the shoulder and it forms the back part of the shoulder girdle. The SCAPULA has a socket shape on the end for the ball end of the HUMERUS bone. Thoracic Vertebrae The THORACIC VERTEBRAE, also called the vertebrae thoracicae and vertebrae thoracales, are 12 bones of the spinal column to which the RIBS are attached. THORACIC VERTEBRAE are composed of broad, thick plates called lamina, an angled spinous process, and articular facets providing flexibility to the upper back. The vertebrae become thicker and larger as they descend from the first to the twelfth and are separated by intervertebral disks. Temporal The TEMPORAL, also called the os temporale, is a bone of the side of the skull that is located around the EAR. It connects to all other bones of the skull and provides a hinge for the MANDIBLE bone. Femur The FEMUR, also called the femoral bone and os femorale but commonly called the thigh bone, is the largest and longest bone of the body. The FEMUR has a ball shaped end that fits into the socket of the PUBIS bone at the hip joint and it connects to the TIBIA bone and the PATELLA at the knee. Phalanges of the Foot The PHALANGES OF THE FOOT are 14 bones of the toes, three in each toe except the big toes, that originally connect to the METATARSAL bones. Singularly these bones are called phalanx and collectively they are called the phalanges and ossa digitorum pedis. The names of these bones may be confused with the various names of the PHALANGEAL Bones OF THE HANDS. Carpals The CARPALS are 8 bones of each wrist arranged in two rows, that connect the RADIUS and ULNA bones to the METACARPAL bones. Collectively these bones are called the carpus, ossa carpi, and ossa carpalia. The individual CARPAL bones are called (from thumb to little finger) trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate, and (from RADIUS to ULNA) scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform. Muscles The MUSCLES are connective organs made of fibrous tissue that can contract in order to cause motion of bones, blood, and various organs. There are three types of muscle tissue: CARDIAC, SMOOTH, and STRIATED MUSCLE. All muscles may be alternatively called musculus . . . (regular muscle name). Example: musculus rectus abdominis instead of rectus abdominis muscle. Rectus Abdominis The RECTUS ABDOMINIS is a muscle of the length of the abdomen that flexes the spinal collum, tenses the STOMACH and SMALL INTESTINE, and helps compress contents of the digestive tract. Latissimus Dorsi The LATISSIMUS DORSI is a muscle of the back under the arm that aids in motion of the upper arm relative to the torso and counteracts the PECTORALIS MAJOR muscle. Soleus The SOLEUS is a muscle of the calves that flex the instep of the foot. Pectoralis Major The PECTORALIS MAJOR is a muscle of the chest that controls motion of the arm toward the torso. Trapezius The TRAPEZIUS is a muscle of the neck and back that controls torsion of the head. Brachialis The BRACHIALIS, also called the brachial muscle, is a muscle of the arm that helps flex the forearm. Facial Muscles The FACIAL MUSCLES are muscles of the face that include the orbicularis oculi of the eyes, the nasalis of the nose, the greater zygomatic of the cheek bones, the orbicularis of the mouth, the masseter of the cheek, the depressor anguli oris and depressor labii inferior of the chin, and the platysma of the jaw. Extensor Digitorum Longus The EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS, also called the long extensor muscle of the toes, is a muscle of the foot that lifts the toes. Brachioradialis The BRACHIORADIALIS, aslo called the brachioradial muscle, is a muscle of the arm that helps flex the forearm. Flexor Carpi Radialis The FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS, also called the radial flexor muscle of the wrist, is a muscle of the forearm that flexes the wrist. Anconeus The ANCONEUS is a muscle of the elbow that extends the forearm. Dorsal Interosseous The DORSAL INTEROSSEOUS, also called the interossei dorsales manus muscles, are four muscles of the hand that flex the PHALANGEAL bones OF THE HAND. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris The EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS, also called the ulnar extensor muscle, is a muscle of the forearm that moves the wrist back. Extensor Digitorum The EXTENSOR DIGITORUM is a muscle of the forearm that flexes the wrist and the fingers. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris The FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS, also called the ulnar flexor muscle of the wrist, is a muscle of the forearm that moves the wrist. Anterior Tibial The ANTERIOR TIBIAL, also called the tibialis anterior muscle, is a muscle of the foreleg that helps extend the foreleg. Peroneus Longus The PERONEUS LONGUS, also called the long peroneal muscle, is a muscle of the foreleg that flexes the outstep of the foot. Gluteus Medius The GLUTEUS MEDIUS, also called the middle gluteal muscle, is a muscle of the hip that controls motion of the thigh. Plantar The PLANTAR, also called the plantaris muscle, starts at the back of the knee and is used to flex the foot. Rectus Femoris The RECTUS FEMORIS is a muscle of the thigh that follows the FEMUR bone and is used in flexing the thigh. Sartorius The SARTORIUS, longest muscle of the body, is a muscle of the leg that moves the leg up and out, principally used in walking. Biceps of the Leg The BICEPS OF THE LEG, also called the biceps femoris muscle, is a muscle of the back of the leg that splits into two parts and extends the upper leg and flexes the foreleg. Sternocleidomastoid The STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID, also called the sterocleidomastoideus muscle, is m Splenius Capitis The Splenius Capitis is a muscle of the back of the neck that rotates the head back. Serratus Anterior The SERRATUS ANTERIOR is a muscle that stretches from the RIBS under the arm to the SCAPULA bone, this muscle is used to raise the shoulder and arm. Gluteus Maximus The GLUTEUS MAXIMUS, also called the gluteal muscle, is the largest muscle of the buttocks that rotates the thigh. Deltoid The DELTOID, also called the deltoideus muscle, is a muscle of the shoulder joint that controls the motion of the arm away from the torso. Teres Major The TERES MAJOR is a thick, flat muscle of the shoulder. It pulls forward, extends, and rotates the arm to the middle. Occipitalis The OCCIPITALIS, also called the venter occipitalis muscle, is a muscle of the back of the skull that connects to the GALEA APONEUROTICA and the STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID and TRAPEZIUS muscles. Gracilis The GRACILIS is a muscle of the thigh that flexes the leg and knee. Semimembranosus The SEMIMEMBRANOSUS is a muscle of the back of the leg that extends the upper leg and flexes the foreleg. Abductor Pollicis Brevis The ABDUCTOR POLLICIS BREVIS is a muscle of the thumb that controls its motion. Abductor Pollicis Longus The ABDUCTOR POLLICIS LONGUS is a muscle of the wrist that flexes the hand thumb side. External Oblique The EXTERNAL OBLIQUE, also called the obliquus externus abdominis muscle, is a muscle on the side of the abdomen that helps to hold the contents of the digestive tract. It is also used in urination, defecation, vomiting, forced exhalation, and child birth. This muscle also flexes the spinal collum from side to side. Biceps of the Arm The BICEPS OF THE ARM, also called the biceps brachii muscle, is a muscle of the upper arm that splits into two parts and flexes the arm and forearm. Triceps The TRICEPS, also called the triceps brachii muscle, is a muscle of the arm that splits into three parts and extends the forearm and moves the arm closer to the torso. Cardiac Muscle The CARDIAC MUSCLE is the muscle tissue of the HEART with microscopic spacing between the fibers. CARDIAC MUSCLE performs long-term rhythmic contractions as needed for the HEART to pump blood. Smooth Muscle SMOOTH MUSCLE is the tissue of involuntary muscles (not under conscious control) as found in the STOMACH, the SMALL INTESTINE, and the BLADDER. Striated Muscle STRIATED MUSCLE is standard voluntary muscle tissue made of semiseparated fibers with alternating light and dark bands. Sternohyoid The STERNOHYOID is a muscle of the neck near the CLAVICLE. It is used for swallowing and speaking. Temporalis The TEMPORALIS, also called the temporal muscle, is a muscle on the side of the skull. It is used to close the jaw, especially when chewing. Pronator Teres The PRONATOR TERES is a muscle of the forearm that turns the hand backward and downward. Lumbo Dorsal Fascia The LUMBO DORSAL FASCIA is the connective tissue between the LATISSIMUS DORSI and the GLUTEUS MAXIMUS. Palmaris Longus The PALMARIS LONGUS is a long thin muscle of the forearm that flexes the hand. Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis The EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS BREVIS is a muscle of the forearm that extends the hand. Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus The EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS is a muscle of the forearm that extends and flexes the hand toward the thumb. Linea Alba The LINEA ALBA is a tendon that runs along the middle line of the abdomen. It extends from the STERNUM to the pubic area and contains the navel. Semitendinosus The SEMITENDINOSUS is one the back thigh muscles that help move the leg. Iliotibial Tract The ILIOTIBIAL TRACT is a tendon on the side of the leg that connects the TENSOR FACIAE LATAE and lower GLUTEUS MAXIMUS to the knee. Tensor Fasciae Latae The TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE is a muscle of the hip that flexes the thigh. Vastus Lateralis The VASTUS LATERALIS is the largest the quadriceps femoris muscle located on the outside of the thigh. It is used to extend the leg. Vastus Medialis The VASTUS MEDIALIS is one of the quadriceps femoris muscles located on the inside of the thigh. It is used to extend the leg. Achilles Tendon The ACHILLES TENDON is a tendon of the calf. It connects the GASTROCNEMIUS muscle to the CALCANEUS (heel) bone. Thus it is also called the calcaneal tendon as well as tendo calcaneus. Lateral Malleolus The LATERAL MALLEOLUS is the tendon of the outside ankle that wraps around the outer TARSALS. Extensor Hallucis Longus The EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS is the muscle of the lower leg that flexes the big toe up. Inferior Extensor Retinaculum The INFERIOR EXTENSOR RETINACULUM is a tendon of the front of the ankle that wraps around the EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS and EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS tendons of the toes. Superior Extensor Retinaculum The SUPERIOR EXTENSOR RETINACULUM is a tendon that wraps around the front upper ankle. Ear The EARS are complex hollow organs that provide the senses of hearing and ballance as they are sensitive to both sound and air pressure. Sound vibrations in the air vibrate the eardrum in the outer ear, and that vibration is amplified by the tiny bones of the middle ear called malleus, incus, and stapes. This vibration than travels through the cochlea of the inner ear, a seashell shaped organ that contains hairlike receptors which in turn vibrate and stimulate the auditory nerves that send impulses to the BRAIN to be interpreted as sound. Nerves Nerves are fiber bundles that connect the BRAIN to the organs of the body. Through chemical-electric transmission nerves transmit impulses such as sensory input and motor stimuli. Medial Nerve The MEDIAL NERVE, also called the medianus nerve, is a nerve that extends along the forearm and hand and connects to the muscles and skin of those body parts. Radial Nerve The RADIAL NERVE, also called the radialis nerve, is a nerve that connects to skin and muscles of the arm. Ulnar Nerve The ULNAR NERVE, also called the ulnaris nerve, is a nerve that connects to skin and muscles of the arm. Facial Nerve The FACIAL NERVE, also called the facialis nerve, is a nerve that transmits motor and sensory impulses to and from the face and jaw. Peroneal Nerve The PERONEAL NERVE, also called the peroneus nerve, is a nerve that branches off the FEMORAL nerve and follows the TIBIA bone connecting to the outer leg and foot. Femoral Nerve The FEMORAL NERVE, also called the femoralis nerve, is a the major nerve of the thigh that branches into the SAPHENOUS and PERONEAL nerves and other nerves of the upper leg. Saphenous Nerve The SAPHENOUS NERVE, also called the saphenus nerve, is a the longest nerve branch from the FEMORAL nerve that connects to the knee, calf, and ankle. Sciatic Nerve The SCIATIC NERVE, also called the ischiadicus and ischiadic nerve, is a nerve that stretches through the thigh, leg, and foot connecting to skin and muscles of all those body parts. Accessory Nerve The ACCESSORY NERVE, also called the accessorius nerve, is a nerve that is necessary for speaking, swallowing, and some head and shoulder movements. Cervical Nerves The CERVICAL NERVES are eight pairs of nerves, one pair per CERVICAL VERTEBRA, that branch off the SPINAL CORD and lead to all parts of the upper body. Great Auricular Nerve The GREAT AURICULAR NERVE, also called the auricularis magnus, is a nerve that transmits impulses to and from the Ear. Hypoglossal Nerve The HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE, also called the hypoglossus nerve, is a nerve that is the lowest of the cranial nerves that connects to the TONGUE. Phrenic Nerve The PHRENIC NERVE, also called the phrenicus nerve, is a nerve that connects to the DIAPHRAGM and helps control breathing. Vagus Nerve The VAGUS NERVE is a nerve that transmits impulses to and from the HEART and LUNGS. Lumbosacral Nerve Trunk The LUMBOSACRAL NERVE TRUNK is a combination of the LUMBAR, SACRAL, and COCCYGEAL nerves that connect to the pelvic area and leg. Obturator Nerve The OBTURATOR NERVE, also called the obturatorius nerve, is a nerve of the groin that comes from the bottom of the SPINAL CORD through the obturator foramens, openings made by the ISCHIUM bones of the pelvis. Sacral Nerve Plexus The SACRAL NERVE PLEXUS, also called the sacrales nerves, is a combination of the lowest spinal nerves that when combined turn into the SCIATIC nerve. Thoracic Nerves The THORACIC NERVES, also called the thoracici nerves, are 12 pairs of nerves that project from the THORACIC VERTEBRAE around the walls of the torso. The first two "intercostal" nerves connect to the shoulders and chest. The next four connect along the upper RIBS. The lower five connect to the walls of the chest and abdomen. The last "subcostal" nerves connect to the stomach wall and the skin of the buttocks. Dorsal Scapular Nerve The DORSAL SCAPULAR NERVE, also called the dorsalis scapulae nerve, is a nerve that transmits impulses to the TRAPEZIUS muscle of the SCAPULA (shoulder blade) and levator scapulae muscle of the neck. Axillary Nerve The AXILLARY NERVE, also called the axillaris nerve, is a nerve that connects to the DELTOID muscle of the shoulder. Pyramidal Cell The PYRAMIDAL CELLS are nerve cells that comprise the pyramidal neural tracts of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD which transmit motor impulses from the BRAIN to the voluntary muscles. Astrocyte ASTROCYTES are long thin multibranched nerve cells found in the BRAIN. Microglial Cell MICROGLIAL CELLS are small nerve cells that form part of the supporting structure of the nervous system and they also collect the waste products of the nerve tissues. Oligodendrocyte OLIGODENDROCYTES are nonneural connective nerve cells that interconnect other nerve cells and nerve tracts. Motor Neuron MOTOR NEURONS are nerve tracts that transmit impulses from PYRAMIDAL CELLS in the BRAIN to muscles and glands in order to stimulate them to perform their particular functions. Neuroglial Cells The NEUROGLIAL CELLS are the cells that comprise the nerves of the nervous system. There are four kinds of Neuroglial Cells: PYRAMIDAL CELLS, ASTROCYTES, OLIGODENDROCYTES, and MICROGLIAL CELLS. Sensory Neuron SENSORY NEURONS are nerve tracts that transmit sense impulses from free ending nerves to nerve cells in the BRAIN to be interpreted. Sense Organs The Sense Organs are several organs that transmit sensory impulses to the BRAIN. The organs involved include the EYES, EARS, NASAL CAVITY, TONGUE, and SKIN. Ear The EARS are complex hollow organs that provide the senses of hearing and ballance as they are sensitive to both sound and air pressure. Sound vibrations in the air vibrate the eardrum in the outer ear, and that vibration is amplified by the tiny bones of the middle ear called malleus, incus, and stapes. This vibration than travels through the cochlea of the inner ear, a seashell shaped organ that contains hairlike receptors which in turn vibrate and stimulate the auditory nerves that send impulses to the BRAIN to be interpreted as sound. Eye The EYES are the two sensory organs that are sensitive to light allowing us the ability of sight. Light travels through the cornea, the outer transparent window of the EYE toward the iris. But then, only light that the iris allows to pass through, as it can dilate or contract to allow more or less light, travels through to the lens. The lens then focuses the light on the retina at the back of the EYE. The retina has rod and cone shaped sensors that are sensitive to low intensity light and color respectively. These rods and cones stimulate the optic nerves that send impulses to the BRAIN to be interpreted as vision. Brain The BRAIN is the major organ of the nervous system, protected by the skull, it is responsible for sensory impulse interpretation, thought processing, and initiating motor impulses. The BRAIN as an organ has wrinkles and groves and is made of billions of nerve cells, especially PYRAMIDAL CELLS. The cerebellum is the largest structure of the hindbrain and it is involved in unconscious motor activities. The brain stem of the midbrain links to the SPINAL CORD, hindbrain, and forebrain, and is the network system that transmits nerve impulses to and from the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD. The cerebrum of the forebrain is where conscious motor activity, emotion, complex thought, and memory all take place. The BRAIN also wraps over and connects to the HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY, and PINEAL GLANDS. Brain & Brain Stem The BRAIN is the major organ of the nervous system, protected by the skull, it is responsible for sensory impulse interpretation, thought processing, and initiating motor impulses. The BRAIN as an organ has wrinkles and groves and is made of billions of nerve cells, especially PYRAMIDAL CELLS. The cerebellum is the largest structure of the hindbrain and it is involved in unconscious motor activities. The brain stem of the midbrain links to the SPINAL CORD, hindbrain, and forebrain, and is the network system that transmits nerve impulses to and from the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD. The cerebrum of the forebrain is where conscious motor activity, emotion, complex thought, and memory all take place. The BRAIN also wraps over and connects to the HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY, and PINEAL GLANDS. Frontal Lobe The FRONTAL LOBE is the front portion of the BRAIN that contains the cerebrum of the forebrain. It is where conscious motor activity, emotion, complex thought, and memory all take place. The BRAIN is the major organ of the nervous system, protected by the skull, it is responsible for sensory impulse interpretation, thought processing, and initiating motor impulses. The BRAIN as an organ has wrinkles and groves and is made of billions of nerve cells, especially PYRAMIDAL CELLS. The cerebellum is the largest structure of the hindbrain and it is involved in unconscious motor activities. The brain stem of the midbrain links to the SPINAL CORD, hindbrain, and forebrain, and is the network system that transmits nerve impulses to and from the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD. The BRAIN also wraps over and connects to the HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY, and PINEAL GLANDS. Left Hemisphere The LEFT HEMISPHERE is the left half of the BRAIN for the BRAIN is divided into two halves. The separate halves are connected at there base by the Medulla Oblongata. Parietal Lobe The PARIETAL LOBE is the upper rear portion of the BRAIN. The BRAIN is the major organ of the nervous system, protected by the skull, it is responsible for sensory impulse interpretation, thought processing, and initiating motor impulses. The BRAIN as an organ has wrinkles and groves and is made of billions of nerve cells, especially PYRAMIDAL CELLS. The cerebellum is the largest structure of the hindbrain and it is involved in unconscious motor activities. The brain stem of the midbrain links to the SPINAL CORD, hindbrain, and forebrain, and is the network system that transmits nerve impulses to and from the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD. The cerebrum of the forebrain is where conscious motor activity, emotion, complex thought, and memory all take place. The BRAIN also wraps over and connects to the HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY, and PINEAL GLANDS. Temporal Lobe The TEMPORAL LOBE is side portion of the BRAIN. The BRAIN is the major organ of the nervous system, protected by the skull, it is responsible for sensory impulse interpretation, thought processing, and initiating motor impulses. The BRAIN as an organ has wrinkles and groves and is made of billions of nerve cells, especially PYRAMIDAL CELLS. The cerebellum is the largest structure of the hindbrain and it is involved in unconscious motor activities. The brain stem of the midbrain links to the SPINAL CORD, hindbrain, and forebrain, and is the network system that transmits nerve impulses to and from the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD. The cerebrum of the forebrain is where conscious motor activity, emotion, complex thought, and memory all take place. The BRAIN also wraps over and connects to the HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY, and PINEAL GLANDS. Iliohypogastric Nerve The ILIOHYPOGASTRIC NERVE is a nerve that connects from the SPINAL CORD at the first LUMBAR VERTEBRA, curves around the abdomen, and connects to the groin. Ilioinguinal Nerve The ILIOINGUINAL NERVE is a nerve that connects from the SPINAL CORD at the first LUMBAR VERTEBRA, and follows the Inguinal Ligament of the pelvis to the groin. Long Thoracic Nerve The LONG THORACIC NERVE is a nerve that extends along and connects to nerves all along the side of the rib cage. Lateral Cutaneous Femoral Nerve The LATERAL CUTANEOUS FEMORAL NERVE is a nerve tha connects from the SPINAL CORD at the middle of the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE to nerves at the side of the hip. Suprascapular Nerve The SUPRASCAPULAR NERVE is a nerve that connects from the SPINAL CORD at the neck to nerves above the scapula at the back of the shoulder. Cochlea The COCHLEA is a small bone of the inner ear used for hearing. It is coiled into a shape like a snail shell. It also contains many small holes through which the Acoustic Nerve transmits vibrations as impulses to the brain. Cerebellum The CEREBELLUM is the part of the BRAIN located at the brain's base along side the brain stem. It coordinates voluntary muscle activities like ballance and walking. Nervous System The NERVOUS SYSTEM is a complex system of nerve cells that control all body functions. It is divided into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD. Where as, the peripheral nervous system includes the CRANIAL NERVES and the spinal nerves. Sensory nerves, also called afferent fibers, carry signals like cold and pain to the central nervous system. Motor nerves, also called efferent fibers, carry movement commands from the central nervous system to muscles and other organs. There are Somatic nerve linked to muscles, bones, and skin; and there are Visceral nerves linked to internal organs, blood vessels, and mucous membranes. Lymph System The LYMPH SYSTEM is a complex network of thin vessels, valves, ducts, nodes, and a few special organs that work to maintain fluid ballance and fight disease. It transports fats, proteins, and lymphocytes (white blood cells) into the blood stream. The LYMPH SYSTEM, also called the Lymphatic System, includes the TONSILS, THYMUS, and SPLEEN. Brain Stem The BRAIN STEM is the lower part of the BRAIN that includes the Medulla Oblongata, Pons, and Mesencephalon. It connects the BRAIN to the SPINAL CORD and the twelve pairs of nerves from the brain to the rest of the body branch off the brain stem. Spinal Cord The SPINAL CORD is the long stream of nerve fibers that extend from the BRAIN STEM through a canal in the spine. The cord caries nearly all sense and motor signals to and from the brain. It is also called chorda spinalis, and medulla spinalis. Cranial Nerves The CRANIAL NERVES are twelve pairs of nerves that emerge from the cranial cavity through openings in the skull. They are referred to Roman numerically and named as follows: (I) olfactory, smell; (II) optic, sight; (III) oculomotor, eye muscles; (IV) trochlear, eye muscles; (V) trigeminal, jaws/chewing; (VI) abducens, eye muscles; (VII) facial, taste; (VIII) acoustic, hearing; (IX) glossopharyngeal, throat/swallowing; (X) vagal, heart, lungs, digestion; (XI) accessory, upper spine; and (XII) hypoglossal, tongue/speaking. Digital Nerves The DIGITAL NERVES are nerves throughout the fingers. Pudendal Nerve The PUDENDAL NERVE is a nerve that branches from the SACRUM to connect to the rectum and genitals. Dorsal Digital Nerves The DORSAL DIGITAL NERVES are nerves throughout the toes. Superficial Peroneal Nerve The SUPERFICIAL PERONEAL NERVE is a nerve of the outer part of the leg. Sural Nerve The SURAL NERVE is a nerve that run the length of the leg. Tibial Nerve The TIBIAL NERVE is a nerve that follows the tibia bone in the foreleg. Lymph Node The LYMPH NODES are small oblong filters of lymphatic fluid. They help fight infection by producing white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymph Vessels The LYMPH VESSELS are thin canals that carry lymphatic fluid to LYMPH NODES. Various body movements, like lung pressure changes, muscular contractions, and organs surrounding LYMPH VESSELS combine to squeeze the lymphatic fluid through the LYMPH SYSTEM. Arteries & Veins Arteries and Veins are blood vessels. Oxygenated blood which is pumped from the HEART travels through the Arteries to all parts of the body. Deoxygenated blood then returns from the body to the HEART through the Veins. Arteries are red as is the blood they carry. However, veins are blue even though the blood they carry is only a darker red. Abdominal Aorta The ABDOMINAL AORTA is the lower potion of the AORTA that leads to the COMMON ILIAC arteries, and it is the source of blood for the abdominal organs, the pelvic organs, and the legs. Common Iliac Artery The COMMON ILIAC ARTERY, also called the ilica communis artery, is an artery that branches off the ABDOMINAL AORTA and branches into the INTERNAL and EXTERNAL ILIAC arteries. Brachial Artery The BRACHIAL ARTERY, also called the brachialis artery, is an artery of the arm that leads from the AXILLARY artery to the RADIAL and ULNAR arteries. Deep Temporal Artery The DEEP TEMPORAL ARTERY, also called the temporalis profunda artery, is an artery that branches off the MAXILLARY artery to supply blood to the inner portions of the BRAIN. Superficial Temporal Artery The SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL ARTERY, also called the temporalis superficialis artery, is an artery that leads from the EXTERNAL CAROTID artery to branch off and supply blood to the upper and outer portions of the BRAIN. Lingual Artery The LINGUAL ARTERY, also called the lingualis artery, is an artery that branches off the EXTERNAL CAROTID artery and supplies blood to the TONGUE. Subclavian Artery The SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY, also called the subclavia artery, is an the major artery of the collar and shoulder that leads from the BRACHIOCEPHALIC artery to the AXILLARY artery and arteries of the arm. Brachiocephalic Artery The BRACHIOCEPHALIC ARTERY, also called the brachiocephalicus, innominata, and innominate artery, is the short artery that leads from the AORTIC ARCH and then splits into the CAROTID and SUBCLAVIAN arteries. Ophthalmic Artery The OPHTHALMIC ARTERY, also called the ophthalmica artery, is an artery that branches of the INTERNAL CAROTID artery to supply blood to the EYE. Dorsal Artery The DORSAL ARTERY, also called the dorsalis pedis, is an artery of the foot that leads from the ANTERIOR TIBIAL artery to supply blood to the DORSAL METATARSAL arteries. Deep Femoral Artery The DEEP FEMORAL ARTERY, also called the femoralis profunda artery, is an artery that branches off the EXTERNAL ILIAC artery and branches into smaller arteries that supply blood to the upper leg. Femoral Artery The FEMORAL ARTERY, also called the femoralis artery, is an artery that branches off the EXTERNAL ILIAC artery and leads to the DESCENDING GENICULAR and POPLITEAL arteries. Palmar Digital Arteries The PALMAR DIGITAL ARTERIES, also called the digitales palmares arteries, are arteries of the fingers that lead from the PALMAR METACARPAL arteries. Aorta The AORTA is the primary artery that leads from the AORTIC ARCH to the ABDOMINAL AORTA. Aortic Arch The AORTIC ARCH is the large curving artery that starts at the left atrium of the HEART, branches into the BRACHIOCEPHALIC artery and continues into the ABDOMINAL AORTA. Coronary Artery The CORONARY ARTERY, also called the coronaria artery, is one of two branches of arteries, called CORONARIES, that branch off the AORTA and supply blood to the HEART. Heart disease and heart attacks are most commonly caused by a blockage of these arteries. Pulmonary Artery The PULMONARY ARTERY, also called the pulmonalis artery, is an artery that leads from the right ventricle of the HEART to the LUNGS in order to oxygenate blood. External Iliac Artery The EXTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY, also called the iliaca externa artery, is an artery that leads from the COMMON ILIAC artery and branches into the FEMORAL and DEEP FEMORAL arteries. Internal Iliac Artery The INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY, also called the iliaca interna artery, is an artery that branches off the COMMON ILIAC artery and then branches to supply blood to the lower pelvic organs. Inferior Mesenteric Artery The INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY, also called the mesenterica inferior artery, is an artery that branches off the ABDOMINAL AORTA and supplies blood to the left and lower portions of the SMALL INTESTINE and the COLON. Superior Mesenteric Artery The SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY, also called the mesenterica superior artery, is an artery that branches off the ABDOMINAL AORTA and supplies blood to the right and upper portions of the SMALL INTESTINE and the COLON. Facial Artery The FACIAL ARTERY, also called the facialis artery, is an artery that branches off the EXTERNAL CAROTID artery and in turn branches into and supplies blood to the facial organs. Mental Artery The MENTAL ARTERY, also called the mentalis artery, is an artery that branches off the MAXILLARY artery and follows the jawbone (MANDIBLE) in order to supply blood to the mouth. Popliteal Artery The POPLITEAL ARTERY, also called the poplitea artery, is an artery of the inside of the knee that leads from the FEMORAL artery and branches into the ANTERIOR TIBIAL, POSTERIOR TIBIAL, and PERONEAL arteries. Common Carotid Artery The COMMON CAROTID ARTERY, also called the carotis communis artery, is a major artery that travels from the HEART and branches into the INTERNAL and EXTERNAL CAROTID arteries as it leads to the head. External Carotid Artery The EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY, also called the carotis externa artery, is the outer branch of the COMMON CAROTID artery that supplies blood to the BRAIN and outer portions of the head. Internal Carotid Artery The INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY, also called the carotis interna artery, is the inner branch of the COMMON CAROTID artery that supplies blood to the BRAIN and inner portions of the head. Occipital Artery The OCCIPITAL ARTERY, also called the occipitalis artery, is an artery that branches off the EXTERNAL CAROTID artery and supplies blood to the lower and rear portions of the BRAIN. Palmar Arch Arteries The PALMAR ARCH ARTERIES are arteries of the hand that connect many other arteries including the RADIAL, ULNAR, and PALMAR METACARPAL arteries. Palmer Metacarpal Arteries The PALMAR METACARPAL ARTERIES, also called the metacarpales palmares arteries, are arteries of the palms that connect the PALMAR ARCH arteries to the PALMAR DIGITAL arteries. Radial Artery The RADIAL ARTERY, also called the radialis artery, is an artery of the forearm, following the RADIUS bone, that leads from the BRACHIAL artery to the PALMAR ARCH arteries. Intercostal Arteries The INTERCOSTAL ARTERIES, also called the intercostales arteries, are arteries of the RIBS that branch off from The AORTA. Axillary Artery The AXILLARY ARTERY, also called the axillaris artery, is an artery of the shoulder that leads from the SUBCLAVIAN to the BRACHIAL arteries. Celiac Artery The CELIAC ARTERY is an artery that branches off the ABDOMINAL AORTA and branches into the LIVER, the STOMACH, and the SPLEEN. Anterior Tibial Artery The ANTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERY, also called the tibialis anterior, is an artery of the foreleg, following the TIBIA bone, that leads from the POPLITEAL artery to the DORSAL artery. Posterior Tibial Artery The POSTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERY, also called the tibialis posterior artery, is an artery of the foreleg, following the TIBIA bone, that leads from the POPLITEAL artery to the LATERAL PLANTAR and MEDIAL PLANTAR arteries. Dorsal Metatarsal Arteries The DORSAL METATARSAL ARTERIES, also called the metatarsles dorsales and metatarseae plantares arteries, are arteries of the toes that lead from the DORSAL ARTERIES. Ulnar Artery The ULNAR ARTERY, also called the ulnaris artery, is an artery of the forearm, following the ULNA bone, that leads from the BRACHIAL to the PALMAR ARCH arteries. Maxillary Artery The MAXILLARY ARTERY, also called the maxillaris artery, is an artery that branches off the EXTERNAL CAROTID artery and in turn branches into many other arteries that supply blood to the front and upper portions of the head. Brachial Vein The BRACHIAL VEIN, also called the brachialis vein, is a vein of the upper arm that leads from the RADIAL and ULNAR veins to the AXILLARY vein. Pulmonary Vein The PULMONARY VEIN, also called the pulmonalis vein, is a vein that returns from the LUNGS with oxygenated blood to the left ventricle of the HEART. Hepatic Veins The HEPATIC VEINS, also called the hepaticae veins, are veins of the LIVER that return blood from the LIVER to the INFERIOR VENA CAVA. Inferior Vena Cava The INFERIOR VENA CAVA is the large lower vein that leads from the COMMON ILIAC veins to the right atrium of the HEART. Axillary Vein The AXILLARY VEIN, also called the axillaris vein, is a vein of the shoulder that leads from the BRACHIAL vein to the SUBCLAVIAN vein. Brachiocephalic Vein The BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEIN, also called the brachiocephalicus vein, is a vein that leads from the intersection of the INTERNAL JUGULAR and SUBCLAVIAN veins and in turn leads into the SUPERIOR VENA CAVA. Superior Vena Cava The SUPERIOR VENA CAVA is the large upper vein that leads from the BRACHIOCEPHALIC veins to the right atrium of the HEART. Portal Vein The PORTAL VEIN, also called the portalis hepatis and portae hepatis vein, is a vein that carries blood from the SMALL INTESTINE and the SPLEEN to the LIVER. Great Saphenous Vein The GREAT SAPHENOUS VEIN, also called the saphena magna vein, is a long vein of the leg that leads from many veins of the foot and outer leg to the external iliac vein. Internal Jugular Vein The INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN, also called the jugularis interna vein, is a vein of the side of the neck that returns blood from the head and leads to the BRACHIOCEPHALIC vein. Heart The HEART is the central organ of the circulatory system. Its pumping action provides the circulation of blood through the arteries and veins. Deoxygenated blood that comes from the veins flows into the right atrium, the first chamber of the HEART. Then the atrium contracts and blood is forced through a tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, the second chamber of the HEART. Next the ventricle contracts forcing blood through the pulmonary valve into the PULMONARY ARTERY to go to the LUNGS and get oxygenated. When the blood returns through the PULMONARY VEIN to the left atrium it is pumped from atrium to left ventricle and from ventricle to the AORTIC ARCH in the same manner as it was on the right side of the HEART. And in actuality, the atria and then the ventricles contract at the same time on both sides of the HEART creating a continuous flow of blood and the double "thump" sound of the heart beat. Respiratory System The RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, also called the respiratory tract, is a group of organs that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood through inhaling and releasing air. Diaphragm The DIAPHRAGM is a large flat muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen and it has three holes in it for passage of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA, AORTA, and ESOPHAGUS. The DIAPHRAGM is the muscle used in breathing. When it contracts and lowers, the resultant lack of pressure from the bottom of the LUNGS causes air to rush in and fill them. Then when the DIAPHRAGM relaxes and rises, air is released from the LUNGS and they partially collapse. This breathing cycle continues about 12 times per minute whether one is conscious or not, up to 80 breaths per minute during heavy exercise. Lung The LUNGS are two large elastic organs of the chest that are the fundamental part of the respiratory system. The LUNGS, that contain the BRONCHI, are where the PULMONARY arteries and veins exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide in the blood. Breathing is performed by the DIAPHRAGM in which four quarts of air is exchanged with every breath. Pharynx The PHARYNX, commonly called the throat, is a tubelike structure that is the cross roads for the eustachian (hearing) tubes, NASAL CAVITIES, mouth, LARYNX, and ESOPHAGUS. The PHARYNX contains the tonsils and it is used to make vowel sounds in speech. Bronchi The BRONCHI, also called the bronchial tree, is a double trunked treelike structure made of tubelike air passages in the LUNGS that channels air from the TRACHEA to and from the alveoli sacs where blood reoxygenation actually happens. Nasal Cavities The NASAL CAVITIES are two openings behind the face that connect the nose to the throat (PHARYNX) and TRACHEA. Air that travels through the cavities is warmed by the mucus membranes that line the cavities. Smell receptors are located at the top of these cavities. Larynx The LARYNX is the air passage between the PHARYNX and the TRACHEA that forms the Adam's apple. Commonly called the voice box, the LARYNX contains the vocal cords that modify sound pitch and tone in speech. Trachea The TRACHEA, commonly called the wind pipe, is the air passage that connects the LARYNX to the two beginning BRONCHI trunks in the LUNGS. Circulatory System The CIRCULATORY SYSTEM is a system of vessels in which blood circulates through the body providing the cells of the body with food and oxygen; as well as, removing waste products and carbon dioxide. This system includes the HEART and all the ARTERIES & VEINS. Cephalic Vein The CEPHALIC VEIN is the long vein of the thumb side of the arm that leads from the hand to the shoulder. Alveoli The ALVEOLI, singularly called alveolus, are small air sacs that form in bunches in the lungs. These sacs are where carbon dioxide leaves and oxygen enters the blood stream. Left Ventricle The LEFT VENTRICLE is the fourth chamber of the HEART. It receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and then pumps the blood into the AORTIC ARCH. Right Atrium The RIGHT ATRIUM is the first chamber of the HEART. It receives deoxygenated blood from both the SUPERIOR and INFERIOR VENA CAVA. Then it pumps the blood into the RIGHT VENTRICLE. Right Ventricle The RIGHT VENTRICLE is the second chamber of the HEART. It receives deoxygenated blood from the RIGHT ATRIUM and then pumps the blood into the PULMONARY ARTERY to go to the LUNGS and get oxygenated. Basilic Vein The BASILIC VEIN is the long vein of the inner side of the arm that leads from the hand to the shoulder. Iliac Arteries & Veins The ILIAC ARTERIES & VEINS are many arteries and veins of the pelvic are that include the DEEP ILIAC CIRCUMFLEX ARTERY and the INTERNAL ILIAC VEIN. Medial Cubital Vein The MEDIAL CUBITAL VEIN is a vein at the inside of the elbow that connects the CEPHALIC VEIN and BASILIC VEIN. Superior Mesenteric Vein The SUPERIOR MESENTERIC VEIN is a vein of the abdomen that drains blood from the SMALL INTESTINE, CECUM, and COLON and delivers it to the INFERIOR VENA CAVA. Common Iliac Vein The COMMON ILIAC VEIN is vein of the pelvis that gets blood from the Femoral VEIN and GREAT SAPHENOUS VEIN and transports it to the base of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA. Deep Iliac Circumflex Artery The DEEP ILIAC CIRCUMFLEX ARTERY is the artery that branches off the COMMON ILIAC ARTERY to provide blood for upper hip. External Iliac Vein The EXTERNAL ILIAC VEIN is a vein that collects blood from the FEMORAL, DEEP FEMORAL, and GREAT SAPHENOUS VEINS. It then carries the blood to the COMMON ILIAC VEIN. Femoral Vein The FEMORAL VEIN is a vein of the upper leg that transports blood to the EXTERNAL ILIAC VEIN. Internal Iliac Vein The INTERNAL ILIAC VEIN is a vein that collects blood from the upper hip and caries it to the COMMON ILIAC VEIN. Popliteal Vein The POPLITEAL VEIN is a vein of the knee that takes blood from the ANTERIOR TIBIAL and POSTERIOR TIBIAL VEINS and the gives it to the FEMORAL VEIN. Anterior Tibial Vein The ANTERIOR TIBIAL VEIN is a vein of the front of the foreleg that collects blood from veins of the foot and transports it to the POPLITEAL VEIN. Posterior Tibial Vein The POSTERIOR TIBIAL VEIN is a vein of the back of the foreleg that collects blood from veins of the heel and ankle. Then it transports the blood to the POPLITEAL VEIN. Endocrine System The ENDOCRINE SYSTEM is a group of gland organs that secrete hormones into the blood stream in order to modify the function of certain target organs. The release of hormones is regulated by other hormones, nerve impulses, impulses from the target organs, and sometimes by hormones released by the gland itself. The ENDOCRINE SYSTEM consists of the HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY, PINEAL, THYROID, PARATHYROIDS, THYMUS, ADRENALS, PANCREAS, OVARIES, AND TESTES. Adrenal The ADRENALS are two endocrine glands that sit on the top of the KIDNEYS. The outer part of the ADRENALS, called the cortex, releases hormones that promote carbohydrate metabolism and reduces muscle fatigue, and affects sexual functions. The inner part of the gland, called the medulla, secretes epinephrine that increases heart rate but constricts blood vessels. Pancreas The PANCREAS is an endocrine gland located behind and under the STOMACH. The PANCREAS releases insulin that promotes carbohydrate metabolism, and it releases glucagon that counters the insulin. The PANCREAS also releases enzymes that aid digestion of fats and proteins. Hypothalamus The HYPOTHALAMUS is an endocrine gland linked to the PITUITARY located in the front of the center of the BRAIN. The hormones of the HYPOTHALAMUS regulate the endocrine system, body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, and secondary sexual characteristics. Pituitary The PITUITARY, also called the hypophysis, is a small endocrine gland linked with the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is located at the base of the BRAIN. The PITUITARY has two lobes. The front lobe, is called the adenohypophysis, and the back lobe is called neurohypophysis. The hormones it secretes control other glands, and affect metabolism, growth, and maturation. It also releases Luteinizing Hormone which stimulates the release of hormones that stimulate the production of sperm in men and the production of ova (egg cells) in women. Testis The TESTIS, plurally called the testes, is an endocrine gland of the male reproductive system that produces testosterone which promotes male characteristics and regulates the production of sperm for reproduction. Thymus The THYMUS is an endocrine gland located on top of the HEART, and it is important for the immune system until puberty ends. The THYMUS promotes development of lymph node tissue and produces T-lymphosytes, the "killer cells" of the immune system. Ovary The OVARY, plurally called the ovaries, is an endocrine gland of the female reproductive system that produces estrogen which promotes female characteristics and regulates menstruation and pregnancy. The OVARIES also produce the eggs, called ova, used in reproduction every 28 days. Parathyroids The PARATHYROIDS are four endocrine glands located in the THYROID. The hormones of the PARATHYROIDS regulate blood calcium and phosphorus levels, which in turn regulates muscle tone, blood clotting, and cell membrane health. Thyroid The THYROID is an endocrine gland located at the throat that surrounds the PARATHYROID glands. The hormones released by the THYROID increase metabolism, body temperature, and growth. Urinary System The Urinary System consists of the RENAL VESSELS, KIDNEYS, URETERS, BLADDER, and URETHRA. The purpose of these organs is to filter out nitrogen waste products from the blood, like urea, made from body processes that break down proteins, and then remove this waste from the body. Kidney The KIDNEYS are two organs that filter blood delivered by the RENAL VESSELS via millions of filtering units called NEPHRONS. Liquid waste that is filtered out then is transmitted to the URETERS. Bladder The BLADDER is a hollow organ that receives and stores urine transmitted from the URETERS at its upper corners. The BLADDER also expels the urine out the URETHRA located at its bottom, but this opening is usually kept closed by u Urethra The URETHRA is a canal that expels urine from the BLADDER to outside of the body. The URETHRA is located in the PENIS in men and the VAGINA in women. Cervix The CERVIX is the opening to the UTERUS from the VAGINA. Uterus The UTERUS is a hollow organ that connects to the FALLOPIAN TUBES and provides a growing area for fertilized eggs and developing embryos during pregnancy. Ureter The URETERS are long thin tubes that carry urine filtered out by the KIDNEYS to the BLADDER. Renal Vessels The RENAL VESSELS are blood vessels that deliver blood to and from the KIDNEYS to be filtered of waste products, like urea. Female Reproductive System The Female Reproductive System consists of the VAGINA, CERVIX, UTERUS, FALLOPIAN TUBES, and OVARIES which are involved in the reproductive cycle of egg production, menstruation, pregnancy, and birth. Vagina The VAGINA is an orifice of the female reproductive system which provides exit for urine from the URETHRA and the release of menstrual fluid from the UTERUS. The VAGINA also allows the entrance of semen for egg fertilization. Male Reproductive System The Male Reproductive System consists of the PENIS, SEMINAL VERSICLES, PROSTATE, and TESTIS. These organs are involved in production and transmission of sperm containing semen for fertilization of the female egg in reproduction. Penis The PENIS is an outer organ of the male reproductive system composed of three circular spongy tissues and it has the URETHRA running through it for urine and semen release. Fallopian Tubes The FALLOPIAN TUBES are thin canals that connect to the OVARIES with fingerlike fimbriae and connect to the UTERUS to allow passage of eggs from the OVARIES to the UTERUS. Prostate The PROSTATE is a spherical gland around the neck of the BLADDER and where the ejaculatory ducts from the SEMINAL VESICLES intersect the URETHRA. The PROSTATE secretes the substance necessary to liquefy the coagulated semen stored in the SEMINAL VESICLES. Seminal Vesicle The SEMINAL VESICLES are tubelike glands that connect to the TESTES and the URETHRA and produce the major fluid of semen as well as store the semen. Genitourinary System The GENITOURINARY SYSTEM is the system that combines the reproductive, sexual, and urinary systems and organs of the body. It is also called the Urogenital System. Pineal The PINEAL, commonly called the pineal gland, is a small gland protruding from the brain. It is uncertain what function it performs. It may release a hormone called Melatonin, which appears to stop the release of a hormone from the PITUITARY GLAND called Luteinizing hormone. Cowper's Gland The COWPER'S GLANDS are two tiny glands at the end of the urine canal near the prostate. They secrete mucous into the urethra contributing to semen. It is also called the Bulbourethral Gland. Epididymis The EPIDIDYMIS is one of two long, coiled tubes that carry sperm from the TESTES to the VAS DEFERENS. Scrotum The SCROTUM is a bag of skin under the PENIS that holds the TESTES, EPIDIDYMIS, and VAS DEFERENS. Vas Deferens The VAS DEFERENS is a tube that passes sperm from the EPIDIDYMIS to the SEMINAL VESICLE. Renal Cortex The RENAL CORTEX is the soft, grainy, outer layer of the KIDNEY. It contains more that a million tiny tubes that remove wastes from the blood in the form of urine. Renal Pelvis The RENAL PELVIS is a funnel shaped cavity in the kidney that collects urine before it is discharged to the URETER. Renal Artery The RENAL ARTERY is one of two branches from the ABDOMINAL AORTA into the KIDNEYS, ADRENALS, and URETERS. Renal Vein The RENAL VEIN is a vein that transports blood from the KIDNEY to the INFERIOR VENA CAVA. Pyramid The PYRAMIDS are tubules in the kidney that collect urine and lead it to the RENAL PELVIS. Nephrons The NEPHRONS are the filtering units of the KIDNEYS. They resemble a funnel with a long stem and two twisted tubes. There are over a million NEPHRONS in each KIDNEY. They are made up of a renal corpuscle that contains a ball of blood vessels called glomerulus. These are surrounded by a Bowman's capsule and several long tubes. Urine is formed by filtering of blood that passes through these corpuscles.